Divine and royal headdresses and crowns

Divine crowns

The triumph of the White Crown
White-crown goes forth,
She has swallowed the Great;
White-crown's tongue swallowed the Great,
Tongue was not seen!

Unas Pyramid Texts, Utterance 239
M. Lichtheim Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol I, p.32

Glory be to thee, O Osiris Un-Nefer, thou great god in Abtu (Abydos), King of Eternity, Lord of Everlastingness, God whose existence is millions of years, eldest son of Nut, begotten by Geb, the Ancestor-Chief, Lord of the Crowns of the South and the North, Lord of the High White Crown

Book of the Dead, tr. W.E. Budge

The deceased then addresses Osiris, and says, "Hail, thou who art exalted upon thy standard, thou Lord of the Atefu Crown, whose name is 'Lord of Winds,' save me from thy Messengers (or Assessors) with uncovered faces, who bring charges of evil and make shortcomings plain, because I have performed the Law (or Truth) for the Lord of the Law (or Truth).

Book of the Dead, tr. W.E. Budge

Amen Horus Min (Double feathered crown)	Amentet (Hieroglyph for the West)	Anhuret [1]	Anuket [2]	Atem [3] Horus (The double crown, the sekhemty of the united Egypt)
Ayebt [4]	Bes [5]	Ha [6]	Hah [7]	Harakhte [8] Sekhmet
Hathor Isis (The sun disk surrounded by cow horns)	Hemsut [10]	Horus	Isis (A throne)	Khnum
Khons (The moon)	Maat [9] (The feather used to weigh the hearts of the deceased)	Meret The Nile god of Lower Egypt	Meret The Nile god of Upper Egypt	Meshenet [11]
Neith [12]	Nekhbet [13] Isis Mut	Nephthys [14]	Nut [15]	Osiris Horus Re (The atef crown)
Re	Reshef [16]	Satis [17]	Selket [18] (A scorpion)	Seshat [19]
Sukhos [20]	Tanent, Iunit [22]	Waset [21] (The feathered waset sceptre)	Hesat, the White Cow

Pharaonic crowns

Nothing is lost to thee, nothing has ceased for thee. Behold, thou art renewed and more powerful than the gods of Upper Egypt and its spirits.

Pyramid Texts 222

Risen as king upon the great throne,
He has joined the Great Magicians;
The double-crown clings to his head,
Re's atef-crown to his brow.
His face is adorned with southcrown and northcrown,
He wears the headband and the helmet;
The tall-plumed ibes-crown is on his head,
The headcloth embraces his shoulders.
Gathered are the crowns of Atum,
Handed over to his image,
As ordained by the maker of gods,
[Amun], the most ancient, who crowned him.

Pyramid Texts 222
M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.2, p.40

Come, glorious one; I have placed (thee) before me; that thou mayest see thy administration in the palace, and the excellent deeds of thy ka's that thou mayest assume thy royal dignity, glorious in they magic, mighty in thy strength. Thou shalt be powerful in the Two Lands; thou shalt seize the rebellious; thou shalt appear in the palace, thy forehead shall be adorned with the double diadem, resting upon the head of the heiress of Horus, whom I begat, daughter of the white crown, beloved of Buto. The diadems are given to thee by him who presides over the thrones of the gods.

J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Two, § 235

When my father appeared to the public, I being a child between his arms. [He] sa[id] concerning me: "Crown him as king, that I may see his beauty while I live with him."
[Thereupon approached (?)] the courtiers, to set the double diadem upon my head.
"Place for him the crown upon his head," so spake he ///////// because the love of me was so great in his bowels.

J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Three, § 267

Hear my petition! O my father, my lord, I am alone among the gods who are at thy side. Crown my son as king upon the throne of Atum, establish him as mighty Bull, lord L.P.H., of the two shores, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands: Usermare-Setepnamon.

pHarris
J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Four, § 246

Establish my son to be king, as lord of the Two Regions, that he may rule the Two Lands, like thee, as sovereign, L.P.H., in Egypt: Usermare-Setepnamon, L.P.H., whom thou hast chosen for thyself, to be heir, to magnify thy name. Set the white crown and the divine double crown upon his head, like as thou wert crowned upon earth, as Horus, wearer of the double diadem.

pHarris
J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Four, § 304

Nemes Head cloth	Khepresh Blue crown	Cap crown	Deshret The red crown of Lower Egypt (sometimes called the green crown)	Hedjet The white crown of Upper Egypt
The double crown, the sekhemty of the united Egypt	The atef crown	The shuty The double feathered crown	Khat or Afnet headdress	Hemhem Triple atef crown

• The Nemes was a striped, two coloured headcloth covering the shoulders and neck. The nemes, the oldest example of which covers the head of a statue of Netjerikhet ^[25], and the khat were the most frequently worn royal headdresses III ^[24]. It was worn with a uraeus seshed. The uraeus was generally part of all royal headdresses ^[30]
• The blue or, more rarely, black khepresh (xprS) was often depicted as worn by pharaohs in war situations, though this was apparently not its main use. It began to be worn during the late Second Intermediate Period. The first royal statue with a blue crown was made for Amenhotep III ^[24]
• The cap crown, in representations shown in blue, white or gold, was seemingly made of linen and at times emroidered. The god Ptah is generally shown wearing it.
• The Deshret and Hedjet are known since earliest historic times. They symbolize respectively Lower and Upper Egypt. The red Deshret was the headdress of the goddess Neith and referred to as n.t. Collectively they were referred to as the Two Great of Magic (wr.tj HkA.w). The uraeus was also called wr.t HkA.w, Great of Magic
• The double crown, also called the Two powerful Ones (sxm.tj or pA sxmt.j) represented the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.
• The atef (Atf) is the white crown decorated with two ostrich feathers. It was also worn by Osiris who was a god of rebirth. ^[27] Like so much else Egyptian the atef-crown was adopted by the Nubian kings ^[28].
• The khat (xA.t) was a single coloured headcloth. Its oldest depiction is on an ivory label of Den ^[26]. Remnants have been found in the tomb of Tutankhamen, where four statues of goddesses wear the khat. It has been suggested that during the Amarna period queens wore the khat ^[23]
• Depictions of the Hemhem (hmhm) are known since the Amarna period but was most often represented under the Ptolemies. It appears to have had connections with the rising sun, i.e. rebirth, as it is at times shown in conjunction with the solar child in the lotus flower ^[31][29]. Interestingly, hmhm.tj, the roarer, was an epithet for Seth or Apophis.